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NHỮNG MỐI ĐE DOẠ ĐỐI VỚI ĐA DẠNG SINH HỌC

Thursday, 09 April 2009 20:54 ducminh
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cac bai van nghi luan ve van de moi truong o viet nam trong nhung nam gan day
hiem nuoc+"hau qua"
hinh anh ve o nhiem moi truong
tieu luan suy thoai rung
suy thoai rung
su dung ben vung tai nguyen rung
ban ve the ky xxi
su suy giam tinh da dang sinh hoc tren trai dat
cac loai dong code dot nhien lieu
nguon goc cua pcb
chuong trinh quan li rui ro cua mot doanh nghiep
 bảo tồn nội vi+"động vật hoang dã"
song va rung a-ma zon
truyen audio chu kim
vai tro cua nito trong tu nhien
tai nguyen rung viet nam+"nghi luan xa hoi"
tai nguyen khi hau nhiet do go nang
dong vat nguyen sinh hinh
hinh anh dot bien nhiem sac the
nguyen nhan suy giam da dang sinh hoc
suy thoai moi truong do nuoi trong thuy san
suy giam da dang sinh hoc
công tác + "giống " "gia cầm" +ppt
đa dạng tập tính di cư của các loài chim
nhung hinh anh ve dot bien gen
dong vat nguyen sinh
tainguyenrung/bienphap
sinhhocvietnam.com.vn
he sinh thai la gi
dinh nghia he sinh thai
tiếng hót chim khướu .mp3
chay rung o viet nam
nguyen nhan suy thoai da dang sinh hoc
hau qua suy thoai da dang sinh hoc
rừng việt nam powerpoint
thuyet trinh ve "quan xa sinh vat" sach sinh hoc lop 9 bang power point
hien trang tai nguyen nuoc ta
dac diem thich nghi
dong vat nguyen sinh viet nam
hien trang rung viet nam
da dang he sinh thai rung viet nam
sinh vat bi tuyet chung
anhdongvat
tranh anh dot bien gen
o nhiem moi truong nuoc o "chau phi"
tinh trang tai nguyen rung hien nay o viet nam
sinh thai rung
hiem hoa tan pha thien nhien
rung nhiet doi
hinh anh dot bien gen
tuyet chung dong thuc vat o viet nam
su tuyet chung cua cac loai dong thuc vat
he sinh thai"nuoc ngot"
hien trang rung viet nam
cac phuong phap sinh hoc nuoi trong thuy san
suu dot bien gen o dong vat
an loai gi de giam can
nguyen nhan anh huong den da dang sinh hoc
dac diem thich nghi cua dong vat
vai tro cua cay xanh doivoi moi truong
đe doạ đa dạng sinh học
tien hoa va da dang nguon gen
hinhanh ve tai nguyen va moitruong
mối đe doạ đa dạng sinh học
chuc nang cua lien ket hidro trong sinh hoc
sinhhoc viet nam.com
mo hinh he sinh thai nuoc ngot
quy trinh hoat dong cua may suc ozon
giong vat nuoi dot bien gen
thuyết minh v
sinh hoc viet nam.com
vai tro cua ozon trong cuoc song
hinh anh ve su lien ket cua cacbon
chau tho song cuu long
khi hau rung
thông tin về cấu tạo tầng ôzon
sinh thai rung voi sinh vat dat
tai lieu chuyen đe sinh thai hoc truong dai hoc da nang
 đa dạng di truyền rừng khộp
van nghi luan rac thai nhiem moi truong
dạy học bằng powerpoint- một số biện pháp cơ bản nhăm đẩy mạnh công nghệ thông tin
nguyen nhan suy giam"dong vat hoang da
dot bien gen o cay trong
dịch bệnh do xoắn khuẩn"ppt"
goog ky thuat nuoi trong thuy san [om]
mua axit+"nong nghiep"
đa dạng sinh học"tầm quan trọng"pdf
dot bien gen o lon
clo doi voi cuoc song
báo cáo powerpoint tràm chim
su suy thoai ozon
bẠn biẾt gÌ vỀ Đa dẠng sinh hỌc cỦa rỪng viỆt nam ?
những mối đe dọa hệ sinh thái
bình giảng sinh học lớp 7 về vấn đề noãn thai ở thằn lằn bóng đuôi dài
đặc điểm thich nghi để sống sót của sinh vật
viết đoạn văn ngắn nói về "thực vật và động vật "đang bị đe dọa và giải pháp
cách đe dọa của chó sói khi có ng xâm phạm lãnh thổ của chúng
dac diem sinh hoc khoai lang
tuyet chung dong vat qui hiem
sinh vat dot bien
hinh scec
dot bien gen
ao thuat gia.com
 Ä‘a dạng Ä‘á»™ng vật " rừng việt nam"
anh ve dot bien gen
moi truong song+"nghi luan xa hoi"
dong vat viet nam
dong vat chuyen gen
hinh anh dot bien gen
vai tro cua tai nguyen rung
xử lý nước thải bằng Ôzon
tai nguyen bien cua viet nam
môi trường ô nhiễm
tin tuc cua viec hio nhap kinh te quoc te
thực trạng ô nhiễm môi trường ở việt nam.ppt
hinh anh ve con trung gay hai cho cay luong thuc
nguyen nhan lam suy giam da dang sinh hoc
đa dạng gen khái
giao an dien tu moi de doa da dang sinh hoc
 da dang gen
hio ky cua qlvnch
Đa dẠng sinh hỌc.ppt
ĐÁnh giÁ chẤt lƯỢng mÔi trƯỜng nƯỚc tẠi mỘt sỐ suỐi Ở khu vỰc thÀnh phỐ buÔn ma thuỘt thÔng qua chỈ
#NAME?
sinh thai rung nhiet doi
anh dong vat bi bien doi gen
sinh thai rung nhiet doi;"giao trinh"
điều tra rung" sinh trưởng"cay
đa dạng di truyền
"bệnh cây rừng
vấn đề sử dụng tà i nguyên biển"""
nguyên nhân đe doạ đến đa dạng sinh học
hoi nghi a pec o viet nam
da dang dong thuc vat
da dang sinh hoc la gi
tac dung sinh hoc cua nhom halogen
nguyên nhânsuy giảm tầng ôzôn
hinh dot bien gen
cuoc''cach mang xanh trong nong nghiep''
suy giam tinh da dang sinh hoc "ban chat cua van de"
phuong phap+"da dang sinh hoc"
nuoc ngot song cuu long
đa dạng di truyền là gì
hậu quả su suy giam tinh da dang sinh hoc
du lịch sinh thái "voi bao ton da dang sinh hoc"
ban chat su suy giam tinh da dang sinh hoc
so lieu suy thoai da dang sinh hoc viet nam
sinh vat bien doi gen
nguyen nhan gay suy thoai tai nguyen
rừng và đa dạng sinh học
nhung hinh anh dot bien gen
nguyên nhân gây suy thoái đa dạng sinh học
cacbon + "vai trò sinh thái"
nhung he sinh thai dang bi de doa
dot bien so luong nhiem sac the+hinh anh+di boi+da boi +thuc vat dong vat nguoi
chuyen gen+"dang sinh hoc"
anh huong or tac hai "suy giam da dang sinh hoc"
suy giam da dang sinh hoc toan cau
nguyen nhan suy thoai he sinh thai rung
quan ly bao ton "rung nhiet doi" o viet nam
cong tac lanh su doivoi nguoi nuoc ngoai
tai nguyen sinh vat
tà i nguyên sinh học+"là gì"
gen duy trì phục hồi
cach phuc hoi rua bien o malaixia
các nguy cơ đe dọa suy thoái tà i nguyên thiên nhiên
con nguoi voi da dang sinh hoc
đa dạng gen khái niệm
thách thức và đe dọa đối với động vật rừng
pha huy rung nhiet doi
thay doi khi hau+"da dang sinh hoc"
suy giam da dang sinh hoc la gi
www.huynh` sanh tho^ng hoc. gia?.com
nhung moi de doa doi voi da dang sinh hoc
o nhiem dat+"dinh nghia"
sinh vat qui hiem
tai nguyen sinh hoc
lập đè án án nghiên cức khoa học kinh tế
nông lâm kết hợp
download nhung hinh anh ve dot bien gen ve dong vat
su suy giam da dang sinh hoc
tieu luan suy giam da dang sinh hoc
bạn sẽ là m gì khi tà i nguyên thiên nhiên đang bị đe dọa nghiêm trọng
đề tà i nghiên cứu về viễn thám trong nông lâm nghiệp
rung thong on doi "rung on doi"
bà i giảng mối đe dọa tuyệt chủng
ipm việt nam ppt files
rung trong hon loai
giai phap + "tuyet chung dong vat"
suy giảm nguồn gen ở châu á"
da dang nguon gen nui da voi
su suy giam tinh da dang sinh hoc tren trai dat
bien doi kieu gen o dong vat
nhung hinh anh dot bien ve gen
 rung on doi
he sinh thai rung on doi
"he sinh thai rung on doi
cac ban lam gi de bao ve su da dang cua sinh vat
hien trang tai nguyen rung nhiet doi rung nhiet doi"""
vấn đề sử dụng tà i nguyên biển "sử dụng tà i nguyên biển"
da dang sinh hoc va su tuyet chung
hình ảnh suy thoái từng ôzon
su di chuyen cua cac doi khi hau ton tai hang nghin nam tren cac vung khac nhau cua trai dat dan toi nguy co de doa su song cua cac loai sinh vat cac he sinh thai va cac hoat dong cua con nguoi
hien trang rung viet nam
tranh anh "dot bien gen"
tuyen truyen ve da dang sinh hoc
cac sinh vat bien doi gen
bẠn biẾt gÌ vỀ nhỮng mỐi Đe doẠ ĐỐi vỚi Đa dẠng sinh hỌc
cac sinh vat chuyen gen
bệnh cây rừng ppt
anh dong vat dot bien gen
nhung moi de doa doivoi da dang sinh hoc
rung duoc
nguyen nhan gay suy giam da dang sinh hoc
đặc điểm sinh học khoai lang
đa dạng sinh học loà i
google nuoi ca nuoc ngot
 hien trang rung viet nam
chung hang dong porn
trồng rừng đặc dụng có những rủi ro gì?
moi quan he;"dat";"nuoc";"khong khi";"dich benh"
tai nguyen dat+"dinh nghia"
dinh nghia+"suy thoai"+"tai nguyen"
dot bien gen sinh hoc mien phi
he sinh thai rung "nhiet doi"
mối quan hệ đất nước không khí với dịch bệnh"ppt"
suy thoai da dang sinh hoc
suy giảm đa dạng sinh vật
nguyen nhan gay suy thoai tai nguyen rung
pha huy da dang sinh hoc la gi
biến đổi môi trường+"thiên địch"
nhung bai nghi luan xa hoi ve thien nhien dang bi de doa boi khi hau ngay mot thay doi va do tac dong cua con nguoi
nguyen nhan gay suy thoai da dang sinh hoc
biểu hiện bị lâm và o môi trường ô nhiễm khí độc thiếu ôxi
nguyên nhân của sự tuyệt chủng
can bang sinh thai bi de doa boi thuc pham bien doi gen
bạn nghĩ gì về thực vật chuyển gen
vi sao phai bao ton nguon gen vat nuoi.cho vi du . phan tich
hiểu biết về đa dạng sinh học
da dang sinh hoc o viet nam
sinh thai rung nhiet doi
he sinh thai rung on doi
suy thoai tai nguyen rung
nguyên nhân gây suy thoái đa dang sinh học
con duong co dinh co2 o thuc vat c4
hau qua va giai phap suy giam da dang sinh vat
hau qua suy giam da dang sinh vat
hau quasuy giam da dang sinh hoc
những hà nh động bảo vệ môi truuwngf
trong nhung van de long bong tren toan the gioi hien nay la tinh trang thieu nuoc ngot cham trong anh chi hay neu hieu biet ve van de tren:sinh hoc 11
suy giam da dng sinh vat o viet nam
nito+"nhận biết"+"ứng dụng"
viec su dung nito trong thuc an cho thu nhai lai
bà i giảng suy thoái đa dạng sinh học.ppt
suy thoái đa dạng sinh học
thông tin về văn hoá châu Âu
nguyen nhan gay suy thoai da dang sinh hoc
sự suy giảm đa dạng sinh học
viec hap thu nito o loai nhai lai ra sao
viec su dung nito o thu nhai lai
oxit gay anh huong gi den mua axit
moi de doa chinh doi voi da dang sinh hoc la noi cu tru bi pha vo va mat mat
cac loai "thuc an" chua "nito" trong chan nuoi thu nhai lai
đa dạng động vật
''đa dạng di truyền có lợi ích gì..''
ozon&"nguon tai nguyen quy gia"
thuc vat rung
ô nhiễm môi trường nước"hoạt động nông nghiệp
o nhiem nuoc +"giam da dang sinh hoc"
su kien tuyet chung o ky cambri
sỰ suy giẢm Đa dẠng sinh hỌc hiỆn nay
bà i giảng về cây rừng.ppt
lợi ích đa dạng duy truyền đối với con người
chăn nuôi các loà i hoang dại
sự suy giảm đa dạng sinh học hiện nay
 suy giảm Ä‘a dạng sinh học
giai thich su xuat hien cac con duong co dinh co2 o thuc vat c4 va cam
he sinh thai rung nhiet doi
nguyen nhan anh huong den da dang sinh hoc
mua axit+"nguyen nhan"
google ung dung nito
gia tri+"da dang sinh hoc"+"powerpoint"
nguyen nhan gay suy giam tinh da dang sinh hoc
nito doi voi dong vat nhai lai
chuong trinh quan li san xuat nong nghiep(ipm)
nguyen nhan gay suy giam su da dang sinh hoc
các mối đe dọa đối với du lịch sinh thái
chinh sanh moi truong quoc te: mua axit
de cuong du an bao ton da dang sinh hoc thuc vat rung
ky thuat giai phap cai thien suy giam da dang sinh hoc ppt
ky thuat giai phap cai thien suy giam da dang sinh hoc pdf
một lượng lớn oxit nitơ có thể phá hoại 10% khí ôzon
da dang tien hoa gom nhung dng nao
suy giam dang sinh hoc
viec su dung nito trong thuc an o loai nhai lai
phung phap danh gia .chien luoc giava he thong kiem soat chi phi thuc pham cua nha hang long dinh
su thay doi trong thanh phan he sinh thai
calocedrus macolepis"
 loai nhap cu +"da dang sinh hoc"
vietnam fipi
suy giam da dang sinh vat
tinh toan pcb
chính phủ khuyến khích việt nam phát triển lao dộng
suy giam da dng sinh vat
su dung nito loai nhai lai
da dang sinh hoc voi chay rung
suy thoai tai nguyen rung
phải là m gì để bảo tồn đa dạng sinh vật
suy giam da dang sinh hoc o viet nam
da dang sinh hoc la gi?
su suy thoai tai nguyen rung viet nam
logo khu sinh thai viet nam
trach nhiem cua ban than doi voi su suy giam da dang sinh hoc viet nam
he sinh thai "rung nhiet doi" video
đa dạng di truyền là gì
tuyet chung dong vat"nguyen nhan
nguyen nhan dan den suy giam da dang sinh hoc
sinh vat chuyen gen va nhung rui ro tiem an
sinh vat chuyen gen voi cuoc cach mang sinh hoc va nhung rui ro tiem an
hau qua cua viec suy giam da dang sinh vat
hien trang suy thoai tai nguyen rung
thuyết về chất ô nhiễm halogen hữu cơ có thể đúng nhưng chưa có chứng cứ
so lieu ve hau qua cua suy thoai da dang sinh hoc
huong khac phuc suy giam da dang sinh hoc
nhung bien phap de giam suy thoai da dang sinh hoc
suy thoai da dang sinh hoc la gi
suy thoái đa dạng sinh học là gì?
suy giam da dang sinh vat la gi
đa dạng sinh học+"ppt"
hong tư + chuyển đổi + rừng khộp + cao su
phan tich nguyen nhan suy thoai da dang sinh hoc
nguyen nhan dan toi suy thoai da dang sinh hoc
nguyen nhan suy thoai da dang sinh hoc
các mối đe dọa của loà i bách xanh
video"đa dạng thực vật"
đa dạng sinh học ở thà nh phố buôn ma thuột
hoc sinh can lam gi de dog gop vao viec bao ton da dang sinh hoc
 da dang sinh hoc o viet nam
Đa dang sinh vât
đa dạng sinh học rừng khộp tây nguyên
hau qua suy thoai da dang sinh hoc
www.cuulonggoogle.vn
moi de doa + "khai thac qua muc"
hidro sulfua"cong dung
ứng dụng của ôzon trong xử lý nước ao nuôi
hậu quả suy giảm đa dạng sinh vật
phân loại đất + "bạc mà u"
xa hoi + "da dang di truyen"
đa dạng di truyền
giao rung "ppt"
các mối đe dọa đối với quy hoạch rừng trà m
xemphim.net
hệ thực vật+"65 triệu năm trước"
động vật hoang dã rừng a ma zon
cung cấp: chế phẩm sx phân hc phân (hữu cơ bò gà dơi cá...) chế phẩm em
su tieu hoa nito o loai nhai lai
tranh vẽ áp phích cấm khai thác bảo vệ nguồn lợi thuỷ sản
bao ve he sinh thai
da dang nguon gen
vai tro cua sulfua
nội dung nghiên cứu về đa dạng sinh học côn trùng và thiên địch trên lúa
cach dieu tra da dang sinh hoc
phân tích sulfua trong đất
"hÆ°á»›ng dẫn quy trình tiêu hủy xác gia súc gia cầm mắc bệnh và chất thải của cúng và quy trình theo dõi giám sát mÃ
khướu khoang cổ tập quán nơi cư trú
nguyen ly chay bang hidro
4 nh
trung quốc thiết lập trạm nghiên cức khoa học đầu tiên ở vùng nam cực
đa dạng gen do biến đối khí hậu"""
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Tran Trong Cam On.

-------------------Tourism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tourism is travel for recreational or leisure purposes. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited". Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. In 2007, there were over 903 million international tourist arrivals, with a growth of 6.6% as compared to 2006. International tourist receipts were USD 856 billion in 2007.[3] Despite the uncertainties in the global economy, arrivals grew at around 5% during the first four months of 2008, almost a similar growth than the same period in 2007.[3]
Tourism is vital for many countries such as U.A.E, Egypt, Greece, Thailand and many island nations such as Bahamas, Fiji, Maldives, Seychelles due to the large intake of money for businesses with their goods and services and the opportunity for employment in the service industries associated with tourism. These service industries include transportation services such as cruise ships and taxis, accommodation such as hotels and entertainment venues, and other hospitality industry services such as resorts.
Contents
    * 1 Definition
    * 2 World tourism statistics and rankings
          o 2.1 Most visited countries
          o 2.2 International tourism receipts
          o 2.3 International tourism top spenders
          o 2.4 Most visited attractions
          o 2.5 Most visited cities
    * 3 History
          o 3.1 Pre twentieth century
          o 3.2 Leisure travel
          o 3.3 Winter tourism
          o 3.4 Mass tourism
          o 3.5 Adjectival tourisms
    * 4 Recent developments
          o 4.1 Eco-tourism
          o 4.2 Medical tourism
          o 4.3 Educational tourism
          o 4.4 Other developments
    * 5 Growth
    * 6 Negative impacts
    * 7 See also
    * 8 References
    * 9 External links
Definition
Hunziker and Krapf, in 1941, defined tourism as "the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity."[6] In 1976, the Tourism Society of England defined it as "Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes."[citation needed] In 1981, International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism[7] defined Tourism in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home environment.
The United Nations classified three forms of tourism in 1994 in its Recommendations on Tourism Statistics: Domestic tourism, which involves residents of the given country traveling only within this country; Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the given country; and Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country.[citation needed]
The UN also derived different categories of tourism by combining the 3 basic forms of tourism: Internal tourism, which comprises domestic tourism and inbound tourism; National tourism, which comprises domestic tourism and outbound tourism; and International tourism, which consists of inbound tourism and outbound tourism. Intrabound tourism is a term coined by the Korea Tourism Organization and widely accepted in Korea.[citation needed] Intrabound tourism differs from domestic tourism in that the former encompasses policymaking and implementation of national tourism policies.[citation needed]
Recently, the tourism industry has shifted from the promotion of inbound tourism to the promotion of intrabound tourism because many countries are experiencing tough competition for inbound tourists.[citation needed] Some national policymakers have shifted their priority to the promotion of intrabound tourism to contribute to the local economy. Examples of such campaigns include "See America" in the United States, "Truly Asia" in Malaysia, "Get Going Canada" in Canada, "Wow Philippines" in the Philippines, "Uniquely Singapore" in Singapore, "100% Pure New Zealand" in New Zealand, "Amazing Thailand" in Thailand, "The Hidden Charm" in Vietnam and "Incredible India" in India.[citation needed]
World tourism statistics and rankings
Most visited countries
    Main article: World Tourism rankings
The World Tourism Organization reports the following ten countries as the most visited in 2007 by number of international travelers. When compared to 2006, Ukraine entered the top ten list, surpassing Russia, Austria and Mexico. Most of the top visited countries continue to be on the European continent.
Rank  ↓            Country  ↓        UNWTO
Regional
Market  ↓         International
tourist
arrivals
(2007)[3]  ↓     International
tourist
arrivals
(2006)[8]  ↓
1           France             Europe             81.9 million       79.1 million
2           Spain   Europe             59.2 million       58.5 million
3           United States   North America             56.0 million       51.1 million
4           China Asia     54.7 million       49.6 million
5           Italy     Europe             43.7 million       41.1 million
6           United Kingdom          Europe             30.7 million       30.7 million
7           Germany         Europe             24.4 million       23.6 million
8           Ukraine           Europe             23.1 million       18.9 million
9           Turkey            Europe             22.2 million       18.9 million
10         Mexico            North America             21.4 million       21.4 million
International tourism receipts
International tourist receipts were USD 96.7 billion in 2007, up from USD 85.7 billion in 2006. When the export value of international passenger travel receipts is accounted for, total receipts in 2007 reached a record of USD 1.02 trillion or 3 billion a day.[3] The World Tourism Organization reports the following 10 countries as the top ten tourism earners for the year 2007. It is noticeable that most of them are on the European continent, but the United States continues to be the top earner.
Rank  ↓            Country  ↓        UNWTO
Regional
Market  ↓         International
Tourism
Receipts
(2007)[3]  ↓     International
Tourism
Receipts
(2006)[8]  ↓
1           United States   North America             $96.7 billion     $85.7 billion
2           Spain   Europe             $57.8 billion     $51.1 billion
3           France             Europe             $54.2 billion     $46.3 billion
4           Italy     Europe             $42.7 billion     $38.1 billion
5           China Asia     $41.9 billion     $33,9 billion
6           United Kingdom          Europe             $37.6 billion     $33.7 billion
7           Germany         Europe             $36.0 billion     $32.8 billion
8           Australia          Oceania            $22.2 billion     $17.8 billion
9           Austria            Europe             $18.9 billion     $16.6 billion
10         Turkey            Europe             $18.5 billion     $16.9 billion
International tourism top spenders
The World Tourism Organization reports the following 10 countries as the top ten biggest spenders on international tourism for the year 2007. For the fifth year in a row, German tourists continue as the top spenders.[3] A study by Dresdner Bank study[9] forecasts that for 2008 Germans and Europeans in general will continue to be the top spenders because of the strength of the Euro against the US dollar, with strong demand for the US in favor of other destinations.[10]
Rank  ↓            Country  ↓        UNWTO
Regional
Market  ↓         International
Tourism
Expenditures
(2007)[3]  ↓     International
Tourism
Expenditures
(2006)[8]  ↓
1           Germany         Europe             $82.9 billion     $73.9 billion
2           United States   North America             $76.2 billion     $72.1 billion
3           United Kingdom          Europe             $72.3 billion     $63.1 billion
4           France             Europe             $36.7 billion     $31.2 billion
5           China Asia     $29.8 billion     $24.3 billion
6           Italy     Europe             $27.3 billion     $23.1 billion
7           Japan Asia     $26.5 billion     $26.9 billion
8           Canada           North America             $24.8 billion     $20.5 billion
9           Russia             Europa             $22.3 billion     $18.2 billion
10         South Korea    Asia     $20.9 billion     $18.9 billion
Most visited attractions
Forbes Traveller released a ranking of the world's 50 most visited tourist attractions in 2007, including both international and domestic tourists.[11] The following are the Top 10 attractions, followed by some other famous sites included within the list of the 50 most visited:[12] It is noticeable that 4 out of the top 5 are in the North America continent.
Most visited attractions by domestic and international tourists in 2007[11]
Top 10 ranking tourist attractions
World's
ranking             Tourist attraction           Location           Country            Number of
visitors
(millions)
1          Times Square   New York City             United States   35
2          National Mall & Memorial Parks          Washington, D.C.          United States   25
3          Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom   Lake Buena Vista, Orlando        United States   16.6
4          Trafalgar Square           London             United Kingdom          15
5          Disneyland        Anaheim, California       United States   14.7
6          Niagara Falls    Ontario & New York State       Canada &  United States         14
7          Fisherman's Wharf & Golden Gate        San Francisco, California           United States   13
8          Tokyo Disneyland & Tokyo DisneySea             Tokyo  Japan 12.9
9          Notre Dame de Paris    Paris      France             12
10        Disneyland Paris           Paris      France             10.6
Other selected famous destinations
11        The Great Wall of China           Badaling            China 10
15        Louvre             Paris      France             7.5
18        Eiffel Tower      Paris      France             6.7
24        Hong Kong Disneyland             Hong Kong       China 5.2
28        Universal Studios          Los Angeles      United States   4.7
31        Grand Canyon Arizona             United States   4.4
36        Statue of Liberty           New York City             United States   4.24
37        Vatican City     Rome    Italy     4.2
38        Sydney Opera House   Sydney              Australia          4
39        The Colosseum             Rome    Italy     4
42        Empire State Building    New York City             United States   4
44        London Eye      London             United Kingdom          3.5
47        Giza Pyramids Cairo     Egypt 3
50        Taj Mahal         Agra      India    2.4
Most visited cities
Euromonitor released a ranking of the world's 150 most visited cities by international tourists in 2006.[5] The following are the leading 15 cities according to Euromonitor's ranking:
Most visited cities by international tourists in 2006[5]
Top 15 ranking cities
Ranking            City      Country            Number of
intl. visitors
(millions)           Ranking            City      Country            Number of
intl. visitors
(millions)           Ranking            City      Country            Number of
intl. visitors
(millions)
1          London             United Kingdom          15.64   6          New York City             United States   6.22     11             Dublin  Ireland             4.47
2          Bangkok           Thailand          10.35   7          Dubai    United Arab Emirates 6.12     12        Bahrain              Bahrain             4.42
3          Paris      France             9.70     8          Rome    Italy     6.03     13        Shanghai            China 4.31
4          Singapore          Singapore        9.50     9          Seoul     South Korea    4.92     14        Toronto             Canada             4.16
5          Hong Kong       China 8.14     10        Barcelona          Spain   4.69     15        Kuala Lumpur  Malaysia          4.12
Cf. Other sources report Paris as the most visited city in the world with 30 million visitors.[13][14][15][16]
History
The Golden Pavilion is the best known temple in Kyoto, Japan.
Wat Phra Kaew in Bangkok, Thailand.
The Great Bath at the Roman Baths, in Bath, one of the world's first health tourism sites.
Wealthy people have always traveled to distant parts of the world to see great buildings and works of art, to learn new languages, to experience new cultures, and to taste different cuisines. As long ago as the time of the Roman Republic, places such as Baiae were popular coastal resorts for the rich. The word tourism was used by 1811 and tourist by 1840.[17] In 1936 the League of Nations defined foreign tourist as someone travelling abroad for at least twenty-four hours. Its successor, the United Nations amended this definition in 1945 by including a maximum stay of six months.[18]
Pre twentieth century
            This section does not cite any references or sources.
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European tourism can be said to originate with the medieval pilgrimage. Although undertaken primarily for religious reasons, the pilgrims in the Canterbury Tales saw the experience as a holiday (the term itself being derived from the 'holy day' and its associated leisure activities). Pilgrimages created a variety of tourist aspects that still exist - bringing back souvenirs, obtaining credit with foreign banks (in medieval times utilizing international networks established by the Lombards), and making use of space available on existing forms of transport (such as the use of medieval English wine ships bound for Vigo by pilgrims to Santiago de Compostela). Religious and secular pilgrimages are still prevalent in modern tourism - such as to Lourdes or Knock in Ireland, Graceland and the grave of Jim Morrison in Père Lachaise Cemetery.
During the 17th century, it became fashionable in England to undertake a Grand Tour. The sons of the nobility and gentry were sent upon an extended tour of Europe as an educational experience. The 18th century was the golden age of the Grand Tour, and many of the fashionable visitors were painted at Rome by Pompeo Batoni.
Health tourism has long existed, but it was not until the eighteenth century that it became important.[citation needed] In England, it was associated with spas, places with supposedly health-giving mineral waters, treating diseases from gout to liver disorders and bronchitis. The most popular resorts were Bath, Cheltenham, Buxton, Harrogate, and Tunbridge Wells. Visits to take 'the waters' also allowed the visitors to attend balls and other entertainments. Continental Spas such as Carlsbad (Karlovy Vary) attracted many fashionable travellers by the nineteenth century.
Leisure travel
Leisure travel was associated with the industrialisation of United Kingdom – the first European country to promote leisure time to the increasing industrial population. Initially, this applied to the owners of the machinery of production, the economic oligarchy, the factory owners, and the traders. These comprised the new middle class. Cox & Kings were the first official travel company to be formed in 1758. Later, the working class could take advantage of leisure time.[citation needed]
The British origin of this new industry is reflected in many place names. At Nice, France, one of the first and best-established holiday resorts on the French Riviera, the long esplanade along the seafront is known to this day as the Promenade des Anglais; in many other historic resorts in continental Europe, old well-established palace hotels have names like the Hotel Bristol, the Hotel Carlton or the Hotel Majestic - reflecting the dominance of English customers.
any tourists do leisure tourism in the tropics both in the summer and winter. It is often done in places such as Cuba, The Dominican Republic, Thailand, North Queensland in Australia and Florida in the United States.
Winter tourism
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The Matterhorn near Zermatt in the Swiss Alps.
Winter sports were largely invented by the British leisured classes, initially at the Swiss village of Zermatt (Valais), and St Moritz in 1864. The first packaged winter sports holidays took place in 1902 at Adelboden, Switzerland. Winter sports were a natural answer for a leisured class looking for amusement during the coldest season.
Major ski resorts are located in various mainland European countries, Canada, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Korea, Chile and Argentina.
Mass tourism
Mass travel could only develop with improvements in technology allowed the transport of large numbers of people in a short space of time to places of leisure interest, and greater numbers of people began to enjoy the benefits of leisure time.
In the United States, the first great seaside resort, in the European style, was Atlantic City, New Jersey, and Long Island.
In Continental Europe, early resorts included Ostend (for the people of Brussels), and Boulogne-sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais) and Deauville (Calvados) (for Parisians), and Heiligendamm (founded 1797 as the first seaside resort at the Baltic Sea).
Adjectival tourisms
Victoria Falls in Zambia and Zimbabwe, one of the most visited places in Africa.
Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania.
Great Barrier Reef, Australia is one of the most visited places of diving tourists.
The Hagia Sophia in İstanbul, Turkey.
Machu Picchu in Cuzco, Peru, one of the most visited destinations in South America.
Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències in Valencia, Spain.
Adjectival tourism refers to the numerous niche or specialty travel forms of tourism that have emerged over the years, each with its own adjective. Many of these have come into common use by the tourism industry an academics. Others are emerging concepts that may or may gain popular useage. Examples of the more common niche tourism markets include:
   1. Aboriginal tourism (also Tribal tourism and Native American tourism)
   2. Adventure tourism (or Adventure travel usually outdoors)
   3. Alternative tourism
   4. Backpack tourism (or Youth Backpack tourism, see Backpacking (travel))
   5. Battlefield tourism
   6. Border tourism (or Cross-Border Tourism)
   7. Business tourism (or Business travel)
   8. Celebrity tourism (including Celebrity Cruises)
   9. Community Based tourism (or Community Supported tourism)
  10. Cruise tourism (see Cruise ship)
  11. Culinary tourism
  12. Disaster tourism
  13. Dark tourism
  14. Dive tourism (see SCUBA diving)
  15. Ecotourism (or Eco-tourism in some countries)
  16. Educational tourism (or Edutourism, see below)
  17. Ethnic tourism
  18. Event tourism (or Special Event tourism, including Festivals)
  19. Extreme tourism (or Shock tourism)
  20. FIT - Free Independent Traveler (or Fully Independent Travel)
  21. Geopark Tourism (geology-based)
  22. Geotourism (related to Sustainable tourism)
  23. Girlfriend Getaway (all female trip)
  24. GIT - Group Inclusive Travel (see Group (travel))
  25. Golf tourism
  26. Greif tourism (related to Thanatourism)
  27. Health tourism (or Wellness Tourism; overlap with Medical Tourism and New Age Tourism)
  28. Heritage tourism
  29. Incentive travel (gift vacations for employees)
  30. Island tourism
  31. Honeymoon (or Second Honeymoon)
  32. LGBT tourism
  33. Mass tourism
  34. Medical tourism
  35. MICE - Meetings, Incentive Travel, Conventions and Exhibitions (or Meetings, Incentives, Conferencing, Exhibitions)
  36. Mountain tourism
  37. New Age tourism (see New Age travelers)
  38. Nightlife tourism (also Entertainment tourism)
  39. Package tourism (see Package holiday)
  40. Photography (or Photo) tourism
  41. Religious tourism (including Pilgrimage)
  42. Reunion tourism (see Reunion Tour)
  43. Roots tourism (or Genealogy related tourism)
  44. Rural tourism
  45. Second Home tourism (see Vacation property)
  46. Sex tourism
  47. Shopping tourism
  48. Space tourism
  49. Sports tourism
  50. SSS - Sun, Sand and Surf (also Sun, Surf and Sex)
  51. Sustainable tourism
  52. Thanatourism (meaning death related tourism)
  53. Urban tourism
  54. VFR - Visiting Friends and Relatives
  55. Volunteer tourism (or Volunteer travel)
  56. War tourism
  57. Winter (Sports) tourism (see below)
Recent developments
Red Square in Moscow, Russia.
Iguazu Falls, Argentina-Brazil border, one of the most visited ecotourism destinations in South America.
Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. One of the most famous natural attractions in the world.
There has been an upmarket trend in the tourism over the last few decades, especially in Europe where international travel for short breaks is common.[citation needed] Tourists have higher levels of disposable income and greater leisure time and they are also better-educated and have more sophisticated tastes.[citation needed] There is now a demand for a better quality products, which has resulted in a fragmenting of the mass market for beach vacations; people want more specialised versions, such as Club 18-30, quieter resorts, family-oriented holidays, or niche market-targeted destination hotels.
The developments in technology and transport infrastructure, such as jumbo jets and low-cost airlines, and more accessible airports have made many types of tourism more affordable. There have also been changes in lifestyle, such as retiree-age people who sustain year round tourism. This is facilitated by internet sales of tourism products. Some sites have now started to offer dynamic packaging, in which an inclusive price is quoted for a tailor-made package requested by the customer upon impulse.
There have been a few setbacks in tourism, such as the September 11, 2001 attacks and terrorist threats to tourist destinations such as Bali and European cities. Some of the tourist destinations, including the beach resorts of Cancún have lost popularity due to shifting tastes.[citation needed] In this context, the excessive building and environmental destruction often associated with traditional "sun and beach" tourism may contribute to a destination's saturation and subsequent decline.[citation needed] Spain's Costa Brava, a popular 1960s and 1970s beach location is now facing a crisis in its tourism industry.[citation needed]
On December 26, 2004 a tsunami, caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake hit Asian countries bordering the Indian Ocean, and also the Maldives. Thousands of lives were lost, and many tourists died. This, together with the vast clean-up operation in place, has stopped or severely hampered tourism to the area.
The terms tourism and travel are sometimes used interchangeably. In this context travel has a similar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms tourism and tourist are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations visited by tourists.
Eco-tourism
    Main article: Eco-tourism
Medical tourism
    Main article: Medical tourism
When there is a significant price difference between countries for a given medical procedure particularly in South East Asia, India and Eastern Europe or where there are different regulatory regimes between countries in relation to particular medical procedures (eg dentistry) travelling to take advantage of the price or regulatory differences is often referred to as "medical tourism".
Educational tourism
Educational tourism developed because of the growing popularity[citation needed] of teaching and learning of knowledge, and enhancing technical competency outside the classroom environment. In the educational tourism, the main focus of the tour or leisure activity includes visitation of another country to learn about the culture of the visited country (Student Exchange Program and Study Tour) or to work and apply their learning inside the classroom in different environment (International Practicum Training Program).
Other developments
Emerging Adjectival Tourism Terms
   1. Atrocity tourism (also War, Disaster, etc., above)
   2. Hot-Spot tourism (places of current armed conflict)
   3. Staycation (very popular term in summer 2008)
   4. Babymoon (a pre-birth honeymoon)
   5. Celebration Vacations (travel to celebrate a special event)
   6. Creative tourism (tourist participation in destination arts) (see below)
   7. Graffiti tourism (travel to commit graffiti)
   8. Libel tourism
   9. Mancation (an all male trip)
  10. Momcation (for mothers)
  11. Purposeful tourism (also Meaningful Tourism, related to Volunteer travel)
  12. Tummy Tuck Travel (Medical tourism for plastic surgery)
Creative tourism Creative tourism has existed as a form of cultural tourism since the early beginnings of tourism itself. Its European roots date back to the time of the Grand Tour, which saw the sons of aristocratic families traveling for the purpose of (mostly interactive) educational experiences. More recently, creative tourism has been given its own name by Crispin Raymond and Greg Richards[citation needed], who as a member of the Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS) has directed a number of projects for the European Commission, including cultural tourism, crafts tourism or sustainable tourism. They have defined "creative tourism" as tourism related to the active participation of travelers in the culture of the host community, through interactive workshops and informal learning experiences.[citation needed]
Meanwhile, the concept of creative tourism has been picked up by high-profile organizations such as UNESCO, who through the Creative Cities Network have endorsed creative tourism as an engaged, authentic experience that promotes an active understanding of the specific cultural features of a place.[citation needed]
More recently, creative tourism has gained popularity as a form of cultural tourism, drawing on active participation by travelers in the culture of the host communities they visit. Several countries offer examples of this type of tourism development, including the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy and New Zealand.
Dark tourism One emerging area of special interest tourism has been identified by Lennon and Foley (2000)[citation needed] as "dark" tourism. This type of tourism involves visits to "dark" sites such as battlegrounds, scenes of horrific crimes or acts of genocide, for example concentration camps. Dark tourism poses severe ethical and moral dilemmas: should these sites be available for visitation and, if so, what should the nature of the publicity involved be. Dark tourism remains a small niche market driven by varied motivations, such as mourning, remembrance, macabre curiosity or even entertainment. Its early origins are rooted in fairgrounds and medieval fairs.[19]
Growth
International tourism receipts in 2005
The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) forecasts that international tourism will continue growing at the average annual rate of 4 %.[20] By 2020 Europe will remain the most popular destination, but its share will drop from 60% in 1995 to 46%. Long-haul will grow slightly faster than intraregional travel and by 2020 its share will incre
With the advent of e-commerce, tourism products have become one of the most traded items on the internet.[citation needed] Tourism products and services have been made available through intermediaries, although tourism providers (hotels, airlines, etc.) can sell their services directly. This has put pressure on intermediaries from both on-line and traditional shops.
It has been suggested there is a strong correlation between Tourism expenditure per capita and the degree to which countries play in the global context.[21] Not only as a result of the important economic contribution of the tourism industry, but also as an indicator of the degree of confidence with which global citizens leverage the resources of the globe for the benefit of their local economies. This is why any projections of growth in tourism may serve as an indication of the relative influence that each country will exercise in the future.
Space tourism is expected to "take off" in the first quarter of the 21st century, although compared with traditional destinations the number of tourists in orbit will remain low until technologies such as a space elevator make space travel cheap.
Technological improvement is likely to make possible air-ship hotels, based either on solar-powered airplanes or large dirigibles. Underwater hotels, such as Hydropolis, expected to open in Dubai in 2009, will be built. On the ocean tourists will be welcomed by ever larger cruise ships and perhaps floating cities.
Negative impacts
            Please help improve this section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. (June 2008)
Attracting a high volume of tourists can have negative impacts, such as the impact of 33 million tourists a year on the city of New York,[22] or the potential to impact fragile environments,[23] or the impact of the December 26, 2004 tsunami on the tourists themselves.[24] The environment can be affected negatively by cruise ship pollution in many ways, including ballast water discharge, and by pollution from aircraft.
See also
Wikiversity
At Wikiversity you can learn more and teach others about Tourism at:
The School of Tourism
    * Accessible Tourism
    * Eco hotels
    * Backpacking (travel)
    * Hospitality industry
    * Hospitality management studies
    * Hospitality Services
    * Hotel
    * Hotel management
    * List of types of lodging
    * Package holiday
    * Passport
    * Pilgrimage
    * Resort town
    * Rural tourism
    * Tour guide
    * Tourism by country
    * Tourism geography
    * Tourism in literature
    * Tourism technology
    * Tourist trap
    * Township tourism
    * Travel agency
    * Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report
    * World Tourism Organization
    * World-Point Academy of Tourism
References
   1. ^ "World Tourism Barometer (p.8)". World Tourism Organization (2007). Retrieved on 2008-03-29.
   2. ^ Tourism Directorate (France) (2007). "Key facts on tourism 2007 Edition".
   3. ^ a b c d e f g h "UNWTO World Tourism Barometer June 2008" (PDF). World Tourism Barometer (June 2008). Retrieved on 2008-08-01.Volume 6 No. 2
   4. ^ Embratur (2006). "Anúario Estatístico Volume 33 2006" (in Portuguese). Ministério do Turismo. Retrieved on 2008-06-27.
   5. ^ a b c Caroline Bremner (2007-10-11). "Top 150 City Destinations: London Leads the Way". Euromonitor International. Retrieved on 2008-08-03. This article has the complete list of 150 cities
   6. ^ Werner Hunziker and Kurt (1942). Grundriss der allgemeinen Fremdenverkehrslehre. OCLC # 69064371. ; cf. Hasso Spode in Günther Haehling (ed.): Tourismus-Management, Berlin 1998
   7. ^ International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism. "The AIEST, its character and aims". Retrieved on 2008-03-29.
   8. ^ a b c "UNWTO Tourism Highlights, Edition 2007" (PDF). World Tourism Organization (2007). Retrieved on 2008-03-29.
   9. ^ Touristik report. January 2008 (German)
  10. ^ "Monthly Market Report: Germany" (PDF). Tourism Australia (February 2008).
  11. ^ a b Forbes Traveller (2007-04-25). "Top 50 Most Visited Tourist Attractions". Retrieved on 2008-03-29.
  12. ^ The Hopeful Traveler (2007-07-29). "Forbes Traveler 50 Most Visited Tourist Attractions". Retrieved on 2008-03-29. See the complete Top 50 list at this website
  13. ^ "Paris - World's Most Visited City - Leisure and Statistics" (01-09-2008). This refers to 2002
  14. ^ "Paris Is The Most Visited City In The World" (01-09-2008).
  15. ^ "Paris: Most visited and most expensive city in the world" (01-09-2008).
  16. ^ "Number One Tourist Destination is Paris" (01-09-2008).
  17. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary: tour". Retrieved on 2008-03-01.
  18. ^ Theobald, William F. (1998). Global Tourism, p. 10. ISBN 0750640227.
  19. ^ Tourism Principles and Practice, C. Cooper, J. Fletcher, A. Fyall, D. Gilbert, S. Wanhill, Pearson Education, Third edition, Madrid 2005
  20. ^ "Long-term Prospects: Tourism 2020 Vision". World Tourism (2004).
  21. ^ "airports & tourists". Global Culture (2007).
  22. ^ Kirby, David (September 27, 1998). "The Tourist Trap; With All Those Visitors Trampling the Welcome Mat, Can New York Be the Host With the Most for Everyone?" (Web). News Article. The New York Times. Retrieved on 2007-03-21.
  23. ^ Nicholls, Henry (April 19, 2006). "The tourist trap (The Galapagos islands are the world's prime eco-tourism destination. Now the sheer number of visitors is endangering their future )" (Web). News article. Guardian. Retrieved on 2007-03-21.
  24. ^ Kurlantzick, Joshua (January 9, 2005). "The True Meaning of the Tourist Trap" (Web). News article. The Washington Post. Retrieved on 2007-03-21.


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